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Correlation between IQ and leadership emergence was found to be between .25 and .30. [100] However, groups generally prefer leaders that do not exceed in intelligence the prowess of average member by a wide margin, as they fear that high intelligence may be translated to differences in communication, trust, interests, and values [101]
Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body through business administration, nonprofit management, or the political science sub-field of public administration respectively. It is the process of managing the resources of businesses, governments, and ...
(1984) Managing Up, Managing Down: How to be a Better Manager and get What You Want from your boss and Your Staff; DuBrin, Andrew J. Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Cengage Learning, 2016. Journal articles. Austin MJ (1989). "Managing Up: Relationship Building Between Middle Management and Top Management".
Executive managers hold executive powers delegated to them with and by authority of a board of directors and/or the shareholders.Generally, higher levels of responsibility exist, such as a board of directors and those who own the company (shareholders), but they focus on managing the senior or executive management instead of on the day-to-day activities of the business.
The autocratic leadership style particularly emphasises the distinction between authoritarian leaders and their followers. These types of leaders make sure to create only a distinct professional relationship. [citation needed] They regard direct supervision as fundamental in maintaining a successful environment and followership.
The democratic management style involves managers reaching decisions with the input of the employees but being responsible for making the final decision. [4] There are many variations of this style of management including consultative, participative, and collaborative styles. Employee ideas and contributions are encouraged, but not necessary.
Leadership can also be developed by strengthening the connection between, and alignment of, the efforts of individual leaders and the systems through which they influence organizational operations. This has led to a differentiation between leader development and leadership development. [citation needed] [7]
The research concluded that there is no single "best" style of leadership, and thus led to the creation of the situational leadership theory, which essentially argues that leaders should engage in a healthy dose of both task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership fit for the situation, and the people being led.