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Example energy flows for a late-model midsize passenger car: (a) urban driving; (b) highway driving. Source: U.S. Department of Energy . Automobile accessory power can be transferred by several different means. However, it is always ultimately derived from the automobile's internal combustion engine, battery, or other "prime mover" source of ...
The earliest electronic systems available as factory installations were vacuum tube car radios, starting in the early 1930s.The development of semiconductors after World War II greatly expanded the use of electronics in automobiles, with solid-state diodes making the automotive alternator the standard after about 1960, and the first transistorized ignition systems appearing in 1963.
The build-up of charge carriers results in a net charge, producing an electrostatic potential while the heat transfer drives a current. [2] With exhaust temperatures of 700 °C (≈1300 °F) or more, the temperature difference between exhaust gas on the hot side and coolant on the cold side is several hundred degrees. [ 3 ]
The European Commission has confirmed a proposal for the mandatory introduction of ESC on all new cars and commercial vehicle models sold in the EU from 2012, with all new cars being equipped by 2014. [62] Argentina requires all new normal cars to have ESC since 1 January 2022, [63] for all new normal vehicles from January 2024. [64]
SAE J3105 is a recommended practice for automated connection devices (ACD) that mate chargers with battery electric buses and heavy-duty vehicles. The practice is maintained by the SAE International with the formal title "Electric Vehicle Power Transfer System Using Conductive Automated Connection Devices Recommended Practice", and was first issued in January 2020.
FMVSS No. 129: [33] New non-pneumatic tires for passenger cars- new temporary spare non-pneumatic tires for use on passenger cars; FMVSS No. 131: [34] School bus pedestrian safety devices; FMVSS No. 135: [35] Light vehicle brake systems; FMVSS No. 136: [36] Electronic stability control systems on heavy vehicles; FMVSS No. 138: [37] Tire ...
A more sophisticated traffic management system, as proposed by USA Patent 6421600 (above) could facilitate transit where there are many vehicles wishing to draw power from a particular section of the infrastructure. Diagram of a possible mechanical transmission train (from Harmsworth Popular Science Volume 3, c.1913)
Renault Trucks: As a part of the All For Fuel Eco Initiative, Renault Trucks studies a Rankine system for long distance vehicles that could lead to 10% fuel savings. [7] The goal is to produce enough energy to feed the components and electronic auxiliaries with electricity and reduce the fuel consumption by reducing the load on the alternator.