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The kernel has full access to the system's memory and must allow processes to safely access this memory as they require it. Often the first step in doing this is virtual addressing, usually achieved by paging and/or segmentation. Virtual addressing allows the kernel to make a given physical address appear to be another address, the virtual address.
Kernel space is strictly reserved for running a privileged operating system kernel, kernel extensions, and most device drivers. In contrast, user space is the memory area where application software and some drivers execute, typically one address space per process.
The Linux API includes the kernel–user space API, which allows code in user space to access system resources and services of the Linux kernel. [3] It is composed of the system call interface of the Linux kernel and the subroutines in the C standard library.
A kernel is a component of a computer operating system. [1] ... Kernel Name File access control Disable memory execution support Kernel ASLR Mandatory access control
The Linux kernel is a free and open source, [11]: ... Common challenges relate to userspace vs. kernel space access, misuse of synchronization primitives, and ...
Most modern operating systems use level 0 for the kernel/executive, and use level 3 for application programs. Any resource available to level n is also available to levels 0 to n, so the privilege levels are rings. When a lesser privileged process tries to access a higher privileged process, a general protection fault exception is reported to ...
Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux kernel security module that provides a mechanism for supporting access control security policies, including mandatory access controls (MAC). SELinux is a set of kernel modifications and user-space tools that have been added to various Linux distributions.
LSM provides a kernel API that allows modules of kernel code to govern ACL (DAC ACL, access-control lists). AppArmor is not capable of restricting all programs and is optionally in the Linux kernel as of version 2.6.36. [17] grsecurity is a patch for the Linux kernel providing a MAC implementation (precisely, it is an RBAC implementation).