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  2. Adder–subtractor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder–subtractor

    A 4-bit ripple-carry adder–subtractor based on a 4-bit adder that performs two's complement on A when D = 1 to yield S = B − A. Having an n-bit adder for A and B, then S = A + B. Then, assume the numbers are in two's complement. Then to perform B − A, two's complement theory says to invert each bit of A with a NOT gate then add one.

  3. 4-bit computing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-bit_computing

    The HP Saturn processors, used in many Hewlett-Packard calculators between 1984 and 2003 (including the HP 48 series of scientific calculators) are "4-bit" (or hybrid 64-/4-bit) machines; as the Intel 4004 did, they string multiple 4-bit words together, e.g. to form a 20-bit memory address, and most of the registers are 64 bits wide, storing 16 ...

  4. Subtractor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtractor

    The full subtractor is a combinational circuit which is used to perform subtraction of three input bits: the minuend , subtrahend , and borrow in . The full subtractor generates two output bits: the difference D {\displaystyle D} and borrow out B out {\displaystyle B_{\text{out}}} .

  5. Carry-lookahead adder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry-lookahead_adder

    More simple 4-bit carry-lookahead adder: 'Step 0 Gin = Cin '0dt P00 = A0 XOR B0 '1dt G00 = A0 AND B0 '1dt P10 = A1 XOR B1 '1dt G10 = A1 AND B1 '1dt P20 = A2 XOR B2 '1dt G20 = A2 AND B2 '1dt P30 = A3 XOR B3 '1dt G30 = A3 AND B3 '1dt 'Step 1 G01 = G00 OR_ P00 AND Gin '3dt, C0, valency-2 G11 = G10 OR_ P10 AND G00 OR_ P10 AND P00 AND Gin '3dt, C1 ...

  6. Adder (electronics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adder_(electronics)

    A full adder can be viewed as a 3:2 lossy compressor: it sums three one-bit inputs and returns the result as a single two-bit number; that is, it maps 8 input values to 4 output values. (the term "compressor" instead of "counter" was introduced in [ 13 ] )Thus, for example, a binary input of 101 results in an output of 1 + 0 + 1 = 10 (decimal ...

  7. Kogge–Stone adder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kogge–Stone_adder

    An example of a 4-bit Kogge–Stone adder is shown in the diagram. Each vertical stage produces a "propagate" and a "generate" bit, as shown. The culminating generate bits (the carries) are produced in the last stage (vertically), and these bits are XOR'd with the initial propagate after the input (the red boxes) to produce the sum bits. E.g., the first (least-significant) sum bit is ...

  8. Symbolab - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolab

    Symbolab is an answer engine [1] that provides step-by-step solutions to mathematical problems in a range of subjects. [2] It was originally developed by Israeli start-up company EqsQuest Ltd., under whom it was released for public use in 2011. In 2020, the company was acquired by American educational technology website Course Hero. [3] [4]

  9. Carry-skip adder - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry-skip_adder

    Breaking this down into more specific terms, in order to build a 4-bit carry-bypass adder, 6 full adders would be needed. The input buses would be a 4-bit A and a 4-bit B, with a carry-in (CIN) signal. The output would be a 4-bit bus X and a carry-out signal (COUT). The first two full adders would add the first two bits together.