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A function that is not monotonic. In mathematics, a monotonic function (or monotone function) is a function between ordered sets that preserves or reverses the given order. [1] [2] [3] This concept first arose in calculus, and was later generalized to the more abstract setting of order theory.
A function that is absolutely monotonic on [,) can be extended to a function that is not only analytic on the real line but is even the restriction of an entire function to the real line. The big Bernshtein theorem : A function f ( x ) {\displaystyle f(x)} that is absolutely monotonic on ( − ∞ , 0 ] {\displaystyle (-\infty ,0]} can be ...
In statistics, the t distribution was first derived as a posterior distribution in 1876 by Helmert [19] [20] [21] and Lüroth. [22] [23] [24] As such, Student's t-distribution is an example of Stigler's Law of Eponymy. The t distribution also appeared in a more general form as Pearson type IV distribution in Karl Pearson's 1895 paper. [25]
The noncentral t-distribution generalizes Student's t-distribution using a noncentrality parameter.Whereas the central probability distribution describes how a test statistic t is distributed when the difference tested is null, the noncentral distribution describes how t is distributed when the null is false.
As explained in Riesz & Sz.-Nagy (1990), every non-decreasing non-negative function F can be decomposed uniquely as a sum of a jump function f and a continuous monotone function g: the jump function f is constructed by using the jump data of the original monotone function F and it is easy to check that g = F − f is continuous and monotone. [10]
In the general case of distribution functions that are not strictly monotonic and therefore do not permit an inverse c.d.f., the quantile is a (potentially) set valued functional of a distribution function F, given by the interval [1]
In real analysis, a branch of mathematics, Bernstein's theorem states that every real-valued function on the half-line [0, ∞) that is totally monotone is a mixture of exponential functions. In one important special case the mixture is a weighted average , or expected value .
In mathematics, the Browder–Minty theorem (sometimes called the Minty–Browder theorem) states that a bounded, continuous, coercive and monotone function T from a real, separable reflexive Banach space X into its continuous dual space X ∗ is automatically surjective.