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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), also known as gamma-seminoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, is a glycoprotein enzyme encoded in humans by the KLK3 gene.PSA is a member of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland in men and the paraurethral glands in women.
Used in conjunction with a PSA test, the PSE test boosts accuracy from 55% to 94% offering a more effective and precise method for detecting and diagnosing prostate cancer. [45] The 4Kscore combines total, free and intact PSA together with human kallikrein 2. [46] It is used to try to determine the risk of a Gleason score greater than 6. [46]
Prostate biopsy is a procedure in which small hollow needle-core samples are removed from a man's prostate gland to be examined for the presence of prostate cancer. It is typically performed when the result from a PSA blood test is high. [1] It may also be considered advisable after a digital rectal exam (DRE) finds possible abnormality.
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While many screening tests (such as the fecal occult blood test or PSA test) are non-invasive, it is important to note that mammography (breast cancer screening) involves ionizing radiation exposure. [10] The breast is highly radiation sensitive, and it receives an approximate dose of 2.6 milligrays per mammography screening. [11]
Men with high PSA levels are often recommended to repeat the blood test four to six weeks later, as PSA levels can fluctuate unrelated to prostate cancer. [17] Benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate infection, recent ejaculation, and some urological procedures can increase PSA levels; taking 5α-reductase inhibitors can decrease PSA levels. [15]
PAP immunohistochemical staining is often used with PSA (staining), by pathologists, to help distinguish poorly differentiated carcinomas.For example, poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma (prostate cancer) and urothelial carcinoma (bladder cancer) may appear similar under the microscope, but PAP and PSA staining can help differentiate them; [7] prostate adenocarcinoma often stains ...
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