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Calabash chalk is a naturally occurring material composed of fossilized sea shells. However, it can be prepared artificially by combining clay, sand, wood ash and even salt. By molding and heating this mixture, the calabash chalk is obtained. [5] It is available as a powder, a molded shape or a block. [4] [5]
It gave rise to derivative products which have diverged from the original composition. Today, Calgon water softener contains the active ingredient sodium citrate, [2] and the now discontinued powder used zeolite and polycarboxylate, all of which are less problematic in wastewater treatment than phosphates.
Then, the lye water would either be used as such, as for curing olives before brining them, or be evaporated of water to produce crystalline lye. [1] [2] Today, lye is commercially manufactured using a membrane cell chloralkali process. It is supplied in various forms such as flakes, pellets, microbeads, coarse powder or a solution.
[2] [3] It can be applied as a soaked dressing or a bath. [2] Side effects may include irritation of the skin and discoloration of clothing. [2] If it is taken by mouth, toxicity and death may occur. [4] Potassium permanganate is an oxidizing agent. [5] The British National Formulary recommends that each 100 mg be dissolved in a liter of water ...
The aqueous solution is almost neutral, exhibiting pH 6.2 at 14 °C (57 °F) for a 10% solution of commercial powder. It is not very hygroscopic, absorbing about 0.03% water in 80% relative humidity over 50 days. It is insoluble in alcohol and is not poisonous; it can react explosively with reducing agents, but it is not explosive on its own. [2]
Chemical Bath Deposition has a long history but until recently was an uncommon method of thin-film deposition. [1]In 1865, Justus Liebig published an article describing the use of Chemical Bath Deposition to silver mirrors (to affix a reflective layer of silver to the back of glass to form a mirror), [5] though in the modern day electroplating and vacuum deposition are more common.
Dry water or empty water, a form of "powdered liquid", is an air–water emulsion in which water droplets are surrounded by a silica coating. [1] Dry water consists of 95% liquid water, but the silica coating prevents the water droplets from combining and turning back into a bulk liquid. [2] The result is a white powder.