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Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus. This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications. The human embryo or fetus is ...
An estimated 24% of babies worldwide are born with lower than optimal weights at birth due to lack of proper nutrition. [3] Personal habits such as consumption of alcohol or large amounts of caffeine can negatively and irreversibly affect the development of the baby, which happens in the early stages of pregnancy. [4]
The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks. [ 1 ] A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily.
"Caffeine can also cross the placenta readily, and because caffeine clearance slows as pregnancy progresses, caffeine accumulation may occur in fetal tissues." One 12-ounce cup (355 ml) of brewed ...
The growth rate of a fetus is linear up to 37 weeks of gestation, after which it plateaus. [9] The growth rate of an embryo and infant can be reflected as the weight per gestational age , and is often given as the weight put in relation to what would be expected by the gestational age.
A great deal of brain development happens during the fetal period in pregnancy and the progress happens rapidly in this stage. [11] Since there is such a large amount of growth occurring during this time-period in the child's life, there are a lot of outside factors in the environment that can affect this development. [11]
The ideal growth rate is not known, however, preterm infants usually require a higher energy intake compared to babies who are born at term. [148] The recommended amount of milk is often prescribed based on approximated nutritional requirements of a similar aged fetus who is not compromised. [ 149 ]
Although cortisol has normative developmental effects during prenatal development, excess cortisol exposure has deleterious effects on fetal growth, [9] the postnatal function of physiological systems such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis [10] and brain structure or connectivity (e.g., amygdala). [11] [12]