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Environmental toxicants and fetal development is the impact of different toxic substances from the environment on the development of the fetus. This article deals with potential adverse effects of environmental toxicants on the prenatal development of both the embryo or fetus, as well as pregnancy complications. The human embryo or fetus is ...
Low-quality evidence also suggests that calcium supplementation may reduce the risk of the mother having the baby before 37th week of pregnancy (preterm birth). [25] The protective effect of calcium supplementation is not clear and there is not enough good quality to research to suggest the best doses and timing of calcium supplementation. [26]
The health effects of coffee include various possible health benefits and health risks. [ 1 ] A 2017 umbrella review of meta-analyses found that drinking coffee is generally safe within usual levels of intake and is more likely to improve health outcomes than to cause harm at doses of 3 or 4 cups of coffee daily.
"Caffeine can also cross the placenta readily, and because caffeine clearance slows as pregnancy progresses, caffeine accumulation may occur in fetal tissues." One 12-ounce cup (355 ml) of brewed ...
A mouse study on the potentiating effects of methylxanthines coadministered with mitomycin C on teratogenicity reported the incidence of birth defects for caffeine, theophylline, and paraxanthine to be 94.2%, 80.0%, and 16.9%, respectively; additionally, average birth weight decreased significantly in mice exposed to caffeine or theophylline ...
When using cannabis, there is a greater risk of birth defects, low birth weight, and a higher rate of death in infants or stillbirths. [38] Drug use will influence extreme irritability, crying, and risk for SIDS once the fetus is born. [39] Marijuana will slow the fetal growth rate and can result in premature delivery.
A great deal of brain development happens during the fetal period in pregnancy and the progress happens rapidly in this stage. [11] Since there is such a large amount of growth occurring during this time-period in the child's life, there are a lot of outside factors in the environment that can affect this development. [11]
So How Much Should We Drink? The FDA’s recommendations regarding daily caffeine consumption for adults are uncomfortably noncommittal. Their 2023 report states that 400 milligrams a day is “an ...