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Gaseous hydrogen is molecular hydrogen and does not cause embrittlement, though it can cause a hot hydrogen attack (see below). It is the atomic hydrogen from a chemical attack which causes embrittlement because the atomic hydrogen dissolves quickly into the metal at room temperature. [6] Gaseous hydrogen is found in pressure vessels and pipelines.
Hydrogen damage is the generic name given to a large number of metal degradation processes due to interaction with hydrogen atoms. Note that molecular gaseous hydrogen does not have the same effect as atoms or ions released into solid solution in the metal.
Liquid hydrogen also has a much higher specific energy than gasoline, natural gas, or diesel. [12] The density of liquid hydrogen is only 70.85 kg/m 3 (at 20 K), a relative density of just 0.07. Although the specific energy is more than twice that of other fuels, this gives it a remarkably low volumetric energy density, many fold lower.
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is the embrittlement caused by exposure to aqueous, corrosive materials. It relies on both a corrosive environment and the presence of tensile (not compressive) stress. Sulfide stress cracking is the embrittlement caused by absorption of hydrogen sulfide. Adsorption embrittlement is the embrittlement caused by ...
Low hydrogen annealing, commonly known as "baking" is a heat treatment in metallurgy for the reduction or elimination of hydrogen in a material to prevent hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement is the hydrogen-induced cracking of metals, particularly steel which results in degraded mechanical properties such as plasticity, ductility and ...
The Hindenburg disaster is an example of a large hydrogen explosion. Hydrogen safety covers the safe production, handling and use of hydrogen, particularly hydrogen gas fuel and liquid hydrogen. Hydrogen possesses the NFPA 704's highest rating of four on the flammability scale because it is flammable when mixed even in small amounts with ...
In thermodynamics, the Joule–Thomson effect (also known as the Joule–Kelvin effect or Kelvin–Joule effect) describes the temperature change of a real gas or liquid (as differentiated from an ideal gas) when it is expanding; typically caused by the pressure loss from flow through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment.
High temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA), also called hot hydrogen attack or methane reaction, is a problem which concerns steels operating at elevated temperatures (typically above 400 °C (752 °F)) in hydrogen-rich atmospheres, such as refineries, petrochemical and other chemical facilities and, possibly, high pressure steam boilers.