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If the answer is greater than a single digit, simply carry over the extra digit (which will be a 1 or 2) to the next operation. The remaining digit is one digit of the final result. Example: Determine neighbors in the multiplicand 0316: digit 6 has no right neighbor; digit 1 has neighbor 6; digit 3 has neighbor 1
Karatsuba multiplication is an O(n log 2 3) ≈ O(n 1.585) divide and conquer algorithm, that uses recursion to merge together sub calculations. By rewriting the formula, one makes it possible to do sub calculations / recursion. By doing recursion, one can solve this in a fast manner.
[1] [2] [3] It is a divide-and-conquer algorithm that reduces the multiplication of two n-digit numbers to three multiplications of n/2-digit numbers and, by repeating this reduction, to at most single-digit multiplications.
(For example, the sixth row is read as: 0 ⁄ 6 1 ⁄ 2 3 ⁄ 6 → 756). Like in multiplication shown before, the numbers are read from right to left and add the diagonal numbers from top-right to left-bottom (6 + 0 = 6; 3 + 2 = 5; 1 + 6 = 7). The largest number less than the current remainder, 1078 (from the eighth row), is found.
Similarly add 7 + 5 = 12, then add the carried 1 to get 13. Place 3 to the result and carry the 1. result: 349; Add the carried 1 to the highest valued digit in the multiplier, 7 + 1 = 8, and copy to the result to finish. Final product of 759 × 11: 8349; Further examples: −54 × −11 = 5 5+4(9) 4 = 594
The next band from the right has three digits, 2, 1 and 8. These are added together to get 11. The units digit of this addition, 1, is written down as the next digit of the multiplication result. The tens digit, which is 1, is carried into the next band. The third band from the right has five digits, 2, 4, 3, 1 and 6 plus the carried 1.