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The oxidized form of the chlorine is molecular chlorine Cl 2, the reduced form is titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4). The oxidizing agent is molecular oxygen (O 2), the reducing agent is coke. Both must be fed into the process. The titanium is fed into the process in form of ore together with the coke. Titanium ore is a mixture of oxides.
16th century cupellation furnaces (per Agricola). Cupellation is a refining process in metallurgy in which ores or alloyed metals are treated under very high temperatures and subjected to controlled operations to separate noble metals, like gold and silver, from base metals, like lead, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, or bismuth, present in the ore.
A stream of titanium tetrachloride gas is added to a stream of molten sodium; the products (sodium chloride salt and titanium particles) is filtered from the extra sodium. Titanium is then separated from the salt by water washing. Both sodium and chlorine are recycled to produce and process more titanium tetrachloride. [78]
Orthotitanates have the formula M 2 TiO 4, where M is divalent.An example of such a material is magnesium titanate (Mg 2 TiO 4), which adopts the spinel structure.Li 2 TiO 3 is not considered an orthotitanate since it adopts the rock-salt structure and does not feature an identifiable titanium anion.
It was invented in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter, a chemist born in New Zealand who worked in the United States. [1] The process involves reducing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl 4) with sodium (Na) in a batch reactor with an inert atmosphere at a temperature of 1,000 °C. Diluted hydrochloric acid is then used to leach the salt from the product. [2]
Theophilus was a 12th-century German monk and in his book De Diversus Artibus [14] gives the clearest description of the salt cementation process. break into tiny pieces a tile or piece of burnt and reddened furnace-clay and when it is powdered, divide it into two equal parts by weight and add to it a third part of salt of the same weight.
Metal laboratory sieves An ami shakushi, a Japanese ladle or scoop that may be used to remove small drops of batter during the frying of tempura ancient sieve. A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift is a tool used for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet ...
The spiral separator is less efficient at the particle sizes of 0.1—0.074mm however. [ citation needed ] For efficient separation, the density difference between the heavy minerals and the light minerals in the feedstock should be at least 1 g/cm 3 ; [ 1 ] and because the separation is dependent upon size and density, spiral separators are ...