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The Licence Raj or Permit Raj (rāj, meaning "rule" in Hindi) [1] is a pejorative for the system of strict government control and regulation of the Indian economy that was in place from the 1950s to the early 1990s. Under this system, businesses in India were required to obtain licences from the government in order to operate, and these ...
TSTA originated in Mexia in June 1880, when the North Texas Teachers Association and Austin Teachers Association combined. Among its many achievements: minimum foundation laws that set statewide teacher salaries; creation of the Teacher Retirement System of Texas; certification laws; bills to establish maintenance and operation funds for schools; and thousands of other important bills.
Alternative certification programs first appeared in the 1980s. A decline in the number of students seeking a degree in education was creating a shortage of teachers in American elementary and high schools. States began to search for a way to recruit and train people who had already earned a four-year degree and wanted to become teachers. [2]
Obtaining a certificate is voluntary in some fields, but in others, certification from a government-accredited agency may be legally required to perform certain jobs or tasks. Organizations in the United States involved in setting standards for certification include the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the Institute for ...
Penguin books in Australia recently had to reprint 7,000 copies of a now-collectible book because one of the recipes called for "salt and freshly ground black people." 9 misprints that are worth a ...
These sections can be taken as a combined test or separately. In most colleges and universities, a passing score must be earned for admission to teacher education. In most states, a passing score must be earned before the teacher education graduate can apply for his or her teaching license or certificate.
Oklahoma's education board has revoked the license of a former teacher who drew national attention during surging book-ban efforts across the U.S. in 2022 when she covered part of her classroom ...
Future teachers (on left) receive their education degrees in a graduation ceremony. A certified teacher (also known as registered teacher, licensed teacher, or professional teacher based on jurisdiction) is an educator who has earned credentials from an authoritative source, such as a government's regulatory authority, an education department/ministry, a higher education institution, or a ...