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Hermann Schlichting, Erich Truckenbrodt: Aerodynamik des Flugzeugs Springer, Berlin 1967; Hermann Schlichting, Klaus Gersten, Boundary Layer Theory, 8th ed. Springer-Verlag 2004, ISBN 81-8128-121-7; Hermann Schlichting, Klaus Gersten, Egon Krause, Herbert, jun. Oertel: Grenzschicht-Theorie Springer, Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-540-23004-1
Schematic representations of a tilt boundary (top) and a twist boundary between two idealised grains. The simplest boundary is that of a tilt boundary where the rotation axis is parallel to the boundary plane. This boundary can be conceived as forming from a single, contiguous crystallite or grain which is gradually bent by some external force ...
A linear variation has been observed between twin thickness, stacking fault energy and grain size, [47] and to a lesser degree, the stress state of the twinning grain (Schmid Factor). [48] The twin thickness saturated once a critical residual dislocations’ density reached the coherent twin-parent crystal boundary. [33] [49]
Schlichting jet is a steady, laminar, round jet, emerging into a stationary fluid of the same kind with very high Reynolds number. The problem was formulated and solved by Hermann Schlichting in 1933, [ 1 ] who also formulated the corresponding planar Bickley jet problem in the same paper. [ 2 ]
A shear layer develops viscous instability and forms Tollmien–Schlichting waves which grow, while still laminar, into finite amplitude (1 to 2 percent of the freestream velocity) three-dimensional fluctuations in velocity and pressure to develop three-dimensional unstable waves and hairpin eddies. From then on, the process is more a breakdown ...
In a TEM, bright field imaging is one technique used to identify the location of stacking faults. Typical image of stacking fault is dark with bright fringes near a low-angle grain boundary, sandwiched by dislocations at the end of the stacking fault. Fringes indicate that the stacking fault is at an incline with respect to the viewing plane. [3]
Grain boundary engineering involves manipulating the grain boundary structure and energy to enhance mechanical properties. By controlling the interfacial energy, it is possible to engineer materials with desirable grain boundary characteristics, such as increased interfacial area, higher grain boundary density, or specific grain boundary types ...
The main problem with this theory is that the stored energy due to dislocations is very low (0.1–1 J m −3) while the energy of a grain boundary is quite high (~0.5 J m −3). Calculations based on these values found that the observed nucleation rate was greater than the calculated one by some impossibly large factor (~10 50).