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  2. Product life-cycle theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle_theory

    The Product Life Cycle Theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher–Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a product's life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area where it was ...

  3. Life-cycle assessment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment

    Life cycle assessment (LCA) is sometimes referred to synonymously as life cycle analysis in the scholarly and agency report literatures. [7] [1] [8] Also, due to the general nature of an LCA study of examining the life cycle impacts from raw material extraction (cradle) through disposal (grave), it is sometimes referred to as "cradle-to-grave analysis".

  4. Friction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction

    Lubricated friction is a case of fluid friction where a lubricant fluid separates two solid surfaces. [9] [10] [11] Skin friction is a component of drag, the force resisting the motion of a fluid across the surface of a body. Internal friction is the force resisting motion between the elements making up a solid material while it undergoes ...

  5. Econophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econophysics

    Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics.. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets [7]), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed ...

  6. Product life-cycle management (marketing) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_life-cycle...

    Product life-cycle management (PLM) is the succession of strategies by business management as a product goes through its life-cycle. The conditions in which a product is sold (advertising, saturation) changes over time and must be managed as it moves through its succession of stages.

  7. Cradle-to-cradle design - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cradle-to-cradle_design

    The C2C concept ignores the use phase of a product. According to variants of life-cycle assessment (see: Life-cycle assessment § Variants) the entire life cycle of a product or service has to be evaluated, not only the material itself. For many goods e.g. in transport, the use phase has the most influence on the environmental footprint.

  8. Miller McClintock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller_McClintock

    Miller McClintock (13 June 1894 - 10 January 1960) was an American expert in traffic control who developed the "friction theory" of traffic. He became interested in educational broadcasting and was a member of the board of Encyclopædia Britannica Films.

  9. Life cycle thinking - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_cycle_thinking

    Life-cycle assessment (LCA or life cycle analysis) is a technique used to assess potential environmental impacts of a product at different stages of its life. This technique takes a "cradle-to-grave" or a "cradle-to-cradle" approach and looks at environmental impacts that occur throughout the lifetime of a product from raw material extraction, manufacturing and processing, distribution, use ...