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The use of the term "Third Intermediate Period", [1] based on the analogy of the well-known First and Second Intermediate Periods, was popular by 1978, when British Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen used the term for the title of his book on the period. While Kitchen argued that the period was 'far from being chaotic' and hoped that his work would ...
The First Intermediate Period, described as a 'dark period' in ancient Egyptian history, [1] spanned approximately 125 years, c. 2181–2055 BC, after the end of the Old Kingdom. [2] It comprises the Seventh (although this is mostly considered spurious by Egyptologists), Eighth , Ninth , Tenth , and part of the Eleventh Dynasties .
Intermediate periods are red, orange, and yellow. Note that multiple dynasties could reign from different cities simultaneously in intermediate periods and at the end of the Middle Kingdom. Dynastic reigning times are often very approximate; the above uses the dates of the Egyptian dynasty list template.
The periodization of ancient Egypt is the use of periodization to organize the 3,000-year history of ancient Egypt. [1] The system of 30 dynasties recorded by third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priest Manetho is still in use today; [2] however, the system of "periods" and "kingdoms" used to group the dynasties is of modern origin (19th and 20th centuries CE). [3]
During the First, Second and Third Intermediate Periods, Egypt had multiple capitals held by rival dynasties. Thinis was Egypt's first capital following its unification in c. 3100 BCE. The country's current capital is Cairo, and this has been the case since 972.
As Egyptian political power disintegrated at Memphis, new dynasties arose in the south, the Abydos Dynasty and the Sixteenth Dynasty at Thebes. [ 15 ] The Fifteenth Dynasty at one point, after a period of about 20 years since its foundation, extended its rule as far south as Thebes , entering into conflict with Pharaoh Neferhotep III .
God's Wife of Amun (Egyptian: ḥm.t nṯr n ỉmn) was the highest-ranking priestess of the Amun cult, an important religious institution in ancient Egypt. The cult was centered in Thebes in Upper Egypt during the Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth dynasties (circa 740–525 BC).
The Eighth Dynasty held sway at a time referred to as the very end of the Old Kingdom or the beginning of the First Intermediate Period. The power of the pharaohs was waning while that of the provincial governors, known as nomarchs , was increasingly important, the Egyptian state having by then effectively turned into a feudal system.