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The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
Cervical screening may involve looking for viral DNA, and/or to identify abnormal, potentially precancerous cells within the cervix as well as cells that have progressed to early stages of cervical cancer. [1] [2] One goal of cervical screening is to allow for intervention and treatment so abnormal lesions can be removed prior to progression to ...
A 2005 study found the sensitivity and specificity of cervicography for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia to be 72.3% and 93.2% respectively; [5] however, a 2007 study criticized the sensitivity figure as "likely... inflated" because the "gold standard" of colposcopy/biopsy may have missed cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force said the draft recommendations aim to avoid unnecessary follow-up tests and procedures.
On biopsy, the margins of the specimen do not have any evidence of cervical cancer. IA1: Greatest depth of cancer invasion on biopsy < 3.0mm; IA2: Greatest depth of cancer invasion on biopsy ≥ 3.0mm and < 5mm; IB: The cervical cancer is diagnosed based on a biopsy specimen that demonstrates a depth of invasion of the cancer over 5mm. Often ...
[2] [11] [12] The first staining solution contains haematoxylin which stains cell nuclei. [10] [2] [12] Papanicolaou used Harris's hematoxylin in all three formulations of the stain he published. [2] The second staining solution (designated OG-6), contains Orange G in 95% ethyl alcohol with a small amount of phosphotungstic acid.
Cervical conization refers to an excision of a cone-shaped portion of tissue from the mucous membrane of the cervix. Conization is used for diagnostic purposes as part of a biopsy and for therapeutic purposes to remove pre-cancerous cells ( cervical intraepithelial neoplasia ) or early stage cervical cancer .
Endocervical curettage is a medical procedure used to extract cells of the endocervix to visualize under a microscope. Direct cervical visualization, colposcopy, and even endocervical colposcopy are not enough to fully analyze all areas of the endocervical epithelium and thus endocervical curettage is the method of choice in cases where this is necessary.