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The aim of Watson and Rayner was to condition a phobia in an emotionally stable child. [3] For this study, they chose a nine-month-old infant from a hospital. The child was referred to as "Albert" for the experiment. [4] Watson followed the procedures which Ivan Pavlov had used in his experiments with dogs. [5]
Rosalie Alberta Rayner (September 25, 1898 – June 18, 1935) was an undergraduate psychology student, then research assistant (and later wife) of Johns Hopkins University psychology professor John B. Watson, with whom she carried out the study of a baby later known as "Little Albert." In the 1920s, she published essays and co-authored articles ...
In 1920 John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated such fear conditioning in the Little Albert experiment.They started with a 9-month boy called "Albert", who was unemotional but was made to cry by the loud noise (unconditioned stimulus) of a hammer striking a steel bar.
John Broadus Watson (January 9, 1878 – September 25, 1958) was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school. [2] Watson advanced this change in the psychological discipline through his 1913 address at Columbia University, titled Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It. [3]
The methods used to analyze behavior in child development are based on several types of measurements. Single-subject research with a longitudinal study follow-up is a commonly-used approach. Current research is focused on integrating single-subject designs through meta-analysis to determine the effect sizes of behavioral factors in development ...
The evaluation phase consists of two aspects: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is present in each stage of the ADDIE process, while summative evaluation is conducted on finished instructional programs or products. Donald Kirkpatrick's Four Levels of Learning Evaluation are often utilized during this phase of the ADDIE process.
Watson, Clark, and Tellegen developed the PANAS in an attempt to provide a better, purer measure of each of these dimensions. The researchers extracted 60 terms from the factor analyses of Michael Zevon and Tellegen [ 4 ] shown to be relatively accurate markers of either positive or negative affect, but not both.
The original Fear of Negative Evaluation test consists of thirty items with a sentence that was response format and takes approximately ten minutes to complete. Scale scores range from 0 (low FNE) to 30 (high FNE). In 1983, Mark Leary presented a brief version of the FNE consisting of twelve original questions on a 5-point Likert scale (BFNE). [4]