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Another clinical study has shown that nutcracker syndrome is a frequent finding in varicocele-affected patients and possibly, nutcracker syndrome should be routinely excluded as a possible cause of varicocele and pelvic congestion. [10] In women, the hypertension in the left gonadal vein can also cause increased pain during menses. [10]
Pelvic congestion syndrome, also known as pelvic vein incompetence, is a long-term condition believed to be due to enlarged veins in the lower abdomen. [1] [7] The condition may cause chronic pain, such as a constant dull ache, which can be worsened by standing or sex. [1] Pain in the legs or lower back may also occur. [1]
While one may expect the female to have an equal prevalence of pelvic compression syndrome due to the identical embryological origin of the valveless pampiniform plexus, this condition is thought to be underdiagnosed due to the broad differential of the pain pattern: unilateral or bilateral pain, dull to sharp, constant to intermittent pain worsening with any increase in abdominal pressure.
Another approach to treatment involves catheter-based embolisation, [7] often preceded by phlebography to visualise the vein on X-ray fluoroscopy. [3] [8] Ovarian vein coil embolisation is an effective and safe treatment for pelvic congestion syndrome and lower limb varices of pelvic origin.
Pelvic congestion syndrome-- , also known as pelvic vein incompetence, is a long term condition believed to be due to enlarged veins in the lower abdomen. Polycystic ovary syndrome. , or PCOS, is the most common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Ovarian cysts—the ovary produces a large, painful cyst, which may rupture.
Differential diagnosis includes conditions with potentially similar symptoms, such as chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, [19] interstitial cystitis, pelvic floor myofascial syndrome, [56] external compression of the pudendal nerve (e.g. from a benign or malignant tumor, or metastatic lesions), superficial skin infections, damage ...
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is characterized by pelvic or perineal pain without evidence of urinary tract infection, [8] lasting longer than 3 months, [9] as the key symptom. Symptoms may wax and wane. Pain can range from mild to debilitating.
It has been additionally associated with restless legs syndrome (RLS), but only in a minority of women, [9] as well as men. In some recorded cases, the syndrome was caused by or can cause a pelvic arterial-venous malformation with arterial branches to the clitoris. [11] [13] Surgical treatment was effective in this instance. [13]