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The RBE is given by . Typically the evaluation of relative biological effectiveness is done on various types of living cells grown in culture medium , including prokaryotic cells such as bacteria , simple eukaryotic cells such as single celled plants, and advanced eukaryotic cells derived from organisms such as rats .
Radiation with higher LET and higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) have a lower OER in mammalian cell tissues. [2] The value of the maximum OER varies from about 1–4. The maximum OER ranges from about 2–4 for low-LET radiations such as X-rays, beta particles and gamma rays, whereas the OER is unity for high-LET radiations such as ...
This figure illustrates the typical change in the relative radiosensitivity for a biological effect such as cell death when exposed to radiations of low ionizing density (e.g. x-rays). The hyperbolic relationship shown has a maximum OER of 2.70 for 100% oxygen (at 760 mmHg), with a half-range OER value at 4.2 mmHg or 0.55% of oxygen.
The roentgen equivalent man (rem) [1] [2] is a CGS unit of equivalent dose, effective dose, and committed dose, which are dose measures used to estimate potential health effects of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
The roentgen or röntgen (/ ˈ r ɛ n t ɡ ə n,-dʒ ə n, ˈ r ʌ n t-/; [2] symbol R) is a legacy unit of measurement for the exposure of X-rays and gamma rays, and is defined as the electric charge freed by such radiation in a specified volume of air divided by the mass of that air (statcoulomb per kilogram).
The ICRP used to recommend quality factors as a generalized approximation of RBE based on LET. Many studies have attempted to relate linear energy transfer to the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of radiation, with inconsistent results. The relationship varies widely depending on the nature of the biological material, and the choice of ...
In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is a chemical thermodynamical relationship that permits the calculation of the reduction potential of a reaction (half-cell or full cell reaction) from the standard electrode potential, absolute temperature, the number of electrons involved in the redox reaction, and activities (often approximated by concentrations) of the chemical species undergoing ...
This is a list of countries by public sector size, calculated as the number of public sector employees as a percentage of the total workforce. Information is based ...