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In 1973, ECMA-35 and ISO 2022 [18] attempted to define a method so an 8-bit "extended ASCII" code could be converted to a corresponding 7-bit code, and vice versa. [19] In a 7-bit environment, the Shift Out would change the meaning of the 96 bytes 0x20 through 0x7F [a] [21] (i.e. all but the C0 control codes), to be the characters that an 8-bit environment would print if it used the same code ...
This calling convention was common in the following 16-bit APIs: OS/2 1.x, Microsoft Windows 3.x, and Borland Delphi version 1.x. Modern versions of the Windows API use stdcall , which still has the callee restoring the stack as in the Pascal convention, but the parameters are now pushed right to left.
There are several loopholes to pure const-correctness in C and C++. They exist primarily for compatibility with existing code. The first, which applies only to C++, is the use of const_cast, which allows the programmer to strip the const qualifier, making any object modifiable. The necessity of stripping the qualifier arises when using existing ...
Even functions can be const in C++. The meaning here is that only a const function may be called for an object instantiated as const; a const function doesn't change any non-mutable data. C# has both a const and a readonly qualifier; its const is only for compile-time constants, while readonly can be used in constructors and other runtime ...
As of 2014 and C11, there are four type qualifiers in standard C: const , volatile , restrict and _Atomic – the latter has a private name to avoid clashing with user-defined names. [3] The first two of these, const and volatile , are also present in C++, and are the only type qualifiers in C++.
In C and C++, volatile is a type qualifier, like const, and is a part of a type (e.g. the type of a variable or field). The behavior of the volatile keyword in C and C++ is sometimes given in terms of suppressing optimizations of an optimizing compiler: 1- don't remove existing volatile reads and writes, 2- don't add new volatile reads and writes, and 3- don't reorder volatile reads and writes.
A basic_string is guaranteed to be specializable for any type with a char_traits struct to accompany it. As of C++11, only char, wchar_t, char16_t and char32_t specializations are required to be implemented. [16] A basic_string is also a Standard Library container, and thus the Standard Library algorithms can be applied to the code units in ...
Since C11 (and C++11), a new literal prefix u8 is available that guarantees UTF-8 for a bytestring literal, as in char foo [512] = u8 "φωωβαρ";. [7] Since C++20 and C23 , a char8_t type was added that is meant to store UTF-8 characters and the types of u8 prefixed character and string literals were changed to char8_t and char8_t ...