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The Mishnah or the Mishna (/ ˈ m ɪ ʃ n ə /; Hebrew: מִשְׁנָה, romanized: mišnā, lit. 'study by repetition', from the verb שנה šānā, "to study and review," also "secondary") is the first written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah.
The word Midrash, especially if capitalized, can refer to a specific compilation of these rabbinic writings composed between 400 and 1200 CE. [1] [10] According to Gary Porton and Jacob Neusner, midrash has three technical meanings: Judaic biblical interpretation; the method used in interpreting; a collection of such interpretations. [11]
The phrase "Midrash halakha" was first employed by Nachman Krochmal, [6] the Talmudic expression being Midrash Torah = "investigation of the Torah". [7] These interpretations were often regarded as corresponding to the real meaning of the scriptural texts; thus it was held that a correct elucidation of the Torah carried with it the proof of the halakha and the reason for its existence.
A beth midrash (Hebrew: בית מדרש, "House of Learning"; pl.: batei midrash), also beis medrash or beit midrash, is a hall dedicated for Torah study, often translated as a "study hall". [1] It is distinct from a synagogue (beth knesseth), although the two are often coextensive. In Yiddish the beth midrash may be referred to as a zal, i.e ...
The Gemara thus takes the form of a dialectical exchange (by contrast, the Mishnah states concluded legal opinions – and often differences in opinion between the Tannaim. There is little dialogue). The disputants here are termed the makshan (questioner, "one who raises a difficulty") and tartzan (answerer, "one who puts straight").
These had been preceded by (if perhaps less modern in orientation) Maimonides' Introduction to the Mishnah — dealing with the nature of the Oral Law, the distinction between the prophet and the sage, and the organizational structure of the Mishnah; and Isaiah Horowitz's Introduction to the Oral Torah in part 2 of his Shenei Luchot HaBerit ...
It was compiled between the late fourth century to the first half of the fifth century. [7] Both versions of the Talmud have two parts, the Mishnah (of which there is only one version), which was finalized by Judah ha-Nasi around the year 200 CE, and either the Babylonian or the Jerusalem Gemara. The Gemara is what differentiates the Jerusalem ...
Texts were written in MH between roughly 70 CE and 500 CE. Tannaitic literature, which includes the Mishnah, the Tosefta, the halachic midrashim, and Seder 'olam Rabba was redacted between roughly 70 CE to 250 CE. Research has demonstrated that Hebrew was spoken in Israel until about 200 CE, and it is generally agreed that tannaitic literature ...