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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a form of amenorrhea and chronic anovulation [1] and is one of the most common types of secondary amenorrhea. [2] It is classified as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. [3] It was previously known as "juvenile hypothalamosis syndrome," prior to the discovery that sexually mature females are equally ...
Hypothalamic causes of HA include functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) and isolated gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency. [3] Laboratory findings of low serum estradiol and low FSH are associated with the decrease in hypothalamic secretion of GnRH. [3]
In females, functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH) (or functional hypothalamic amenorrhea) is part of the differential diagnosis for GnRH insensitivity. The presence of predisposing factors like excessive exercise, weight loss, or psychological stress point towards the diagnosis of FHH rather than GnRH insensitivity.
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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea is typically treated by weight gain through increased calorie intake and decreased expenditure. [7] Multidisciplinary treatment with monitoring from a physician, dietitian , and mental health counselor is recommended, along with support from family, friends, and coaches. [ 7 ]
In the case of RED-S, the majority of secondary amenorrhea cases are attributed to functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA), an adaptive mechanism to preserve energy for survival and vital processes rather than reproduction when energy balance is low. [17] [18] Primary amenorrhea is characterized by delayed menarche (the onset of menses during ...
Hypoestrogenism is typically found in menopause and aids in diagnosis of other conditions such as POI and functional amenorrhea. [17] [24] Estrogen levels can be tested through several laboratory tests: vaginal maturation index, [clarification needed] progestogen challenge test, and vaginal swabs for small parabasal cells. [19]
The remains of a woman found dead on a reservation in southwestern South Dakota in January has been identified as Michelle Elbow Shield, a Sioux woman who went missing more than a year ago.