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  2. Check constraint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_constraint

    A NOT NULL constraint is functionally equivalent to the following check constraint with an IS NOT NULL predicate: . CHECK (column IS NOT NULL) Some relational database management systems are able to optimize performance when the NOT NULL constraint syntax is used as opposed to the CHECK constraint syntax given above.

  3. Foreign key - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_key

    A foreign key is a set of attributes in a table that refers to the primary key of another table, linking these two tables. In the context of relational databases, a foreign key is subject to an inclusion dependency constraint that the tuples consisting of the foreign key attributes in one relation, R, must also exist in some other (not necessarily distinct) relation, S; furthermore that those ...

  4. SQL syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax

    IS [NOT] NULL: Compare to null (missing data) Address IS NOT NULL: IS [NOT] TRUE or IS [NOT] FALSE: Boolean truth value test PaidVacation IS TRUE: IS NOT DISTINCT FROM: Is equal to value or both are nulls (missing data) Debt IS NOT DISTINCT FROM-Receivables: AS: Used to change a column name when viewing results SELECT employee AS department1

  5. Referential integrity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referential_integrity

    A table (called the referencing table) can refer to a column (or a group of columns) in another table (the referenced table) by using a foreign key.The referenced column(s) in the referenced table must be under a unique constraint, such as a primary key.

  6. Entity integrity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity_integrity

    The PK is a not empty set of attributes (or columns). The same format applies to the foreign key (abbreviated FK) because each FK matches a preexistent PK. Each of attributes being part of a PK (or of a FK) must have data values (such as numbers, letters or typographic symbols) but not data marks (also known as NULL marks in SQL world).

  7. Null (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_(SQL)

    E. F. Codd mentioned nulls as a method of representing missing data in the relational model in a 1975 paper in the FDT Bulletin of ACM-SIGMOD.Codd's paper that is most commonly cited with the semantics of Null (as adopted in SQL) is his 1979 paper in the ACM Transactions on Database Systems, in which he also introduced his Relational Model/Tasmania, although much of the other proposals from ...

  8. Data integrity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_integrity

    An example of a data-integrity mechanism is the parent-and-child relationship of related records. If a parent record owns one or more related child records all of the referential integrity processes are handled by the database itself, which automatically ensures the accuracy and integrity of the data so that no child record can exist without a parent (also called being orphaned) and that no ...

  9. Insert (SQL) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insert_(SQL)

    Most systems do not allow SQL INSERT statements to return row data. Therefore, it becomes necessary to implement a workaround in such scenarios. Common implementations include: Using a database-specific stored procedure that generates the surrogate key, performs the INSERT operation, and finally returns the generated key