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This list of over 500 monoclonal antibodies includes approved and investigational drugs as well as drugs that have been withdrawn from market; consequently, the column Use does not necessarily indicate clinical usage. See the list of FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in the monoclonal antibody therapy page.
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. The therapy targets immune checkpoints, key regulators of the immune system that when stimulated can dampen the immune response to an immunologic stimulus. Some cancers can protect themselves from attack by stimulating immune checkpoint targets.
However, as of 2015 it is known that patients treated with checkpoint blockade (specifically CTLA-4 blocking antibodies), or a combination of check-point blocking antibodies, are at high risk of having immune-related adverse events such as dermatologic, gastrointestinal, endocrine, or hepatic autoimmune reactions. [103]
There are many side effects and toxicological aspects to consider before administering this therapy. The manufacturer mentions that there is a correlation between death and treatment (7.5%) [ 12 ] . The deaths are because of side effects such as severe infections (26.9%), internal organ bleeding, acute renal failure, bone marrow failure and ...
Cancer Therapy by Inhibition of Negative Immune Regulation (CTLA4, PD1) A2AR & A2BR: The Adenosine A2A receptor is regarded as an important checkpoint in cancer therapy because adenosine in the immune microenvironment, leading to the activation of the A2a receptor, is negative immune feedback loop and the tumor microenvironment has relatively high concentrations of adenosine. [27]
Toripalimab (Loqtorzi) is a humanized IgG4 monoclonal antibody against PD-1 approved in China in 2018 and in the United States in 2023. [18] [19] [20] Tislelizumab (Tevimbra) is a humanized IgG4 anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody approved in China in 2019 and in the United States in 2024 for certain gastrointestinal cancers.
The comparatively higher binding affinity of CTLA-4 than that of CD28 has made CTLA-4 a potential therapy for autoimmune diseases. Fusion proteins of CTLA-4 and antibodies (CTLA4-Ig) have been used in clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis. [32] The fusion protein CTLA4-Ig is commercially available as Orencia .
A blocking antibody is an antibody that does not have a reaction when combined with an antigen, but prevents other antibodies from combining with that antigen. [1] This function of blocking antibodies has had a variety of clinical and experimental uses. The term can also be used for inhibiting antibody, prozone phenomenon and, agglutination ...