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Alkyl group. In organic chemistry, an alkyl group is an alkane missing one hydrogen. [1] The term alkyl is intentionally unspecific to include many possible substitutions. An acyclic alkyl has the general formula of −CnH2n+1. A cycloalkyl group is derived from a cycloalkane by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring and has the general formula ...
Acetals are stable compared to hemiacetals but their formation is a reversible equilibrium as with esters. As a reaction to create an acetal proceeds, water must be removed from the reaction mixture, for example, with a Dean–Stark apparatus, lest it hydrolyse the product back to the hemiacetal. The formation of acetals reduces the total number of molecules present (carbonyl + 2 alcohol → ...
In chemistry, an alcohol (from the Arabic word al-kuḥl, الكحل) is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. [2][3] Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugars and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies ...
Acetic acid / əˈsiːtɪk /, systematically named ethanoic acid / ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk /, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H, C2H4O2, or HC2H3O2). Vinegar is at least 4% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water.
Acrylic acid undergoes the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid. When reacted with an alcohol, it forms the corresponding ester. The esters and salts of acrylic acid are collectively known as acrylates (or propenoates). The most common alkyl esters of acrylic acid are methyl, butyl, ethyl, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.
The anomeric effect can also be generalized to any cyclohexyl or linear system with the general formula C−Y−C−X, where Y is a heteroatom with one or more lone pairs, and X is an electronegative atom or group. [3] The magnitude of the anomeric effect is estimated at 4-8 kJ/mol in the case of sugars, but is different for every molecule.
Asymmetric induction by the molecular framework of an acyclic substrate is the idea that asymmetric steric and electronic properties of a molecule may determine the chirality of subsequent chemical reactions on that molecule.
In organic chemistry, carbonyl reduction is the conversion of any carbonyl group, usually to an alcohol. It is a common transformation that is practiced in many ways. [1] Ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, and acid halides - some of the most pervasive functional groups, -comprise carbonyl compounds.