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Subtraction (which is signified by the minus sign −) is one of the four arithmetic operations along with addition, multiplication and division. Subtraction is an operation that represents removal of objects from a collection. [ 1 ]
To investigate the left distributivity of set subtraction over unions or intersections, consider how the sets involved in (both of) De Morgan's laws are all related: () = = () always holds (the equalities on the left and right are De Morgan's laws) but equality is not guaranteed in general (that is, the containment might be strict).
In mathematics, a law is a formula that is always true within a given context. [1] Laws describe a relationship , between two or more expressions or terms (which may contain variables ), usually using equality or inequality , [ 2 ] or between formulas themselves, for instance, in mathematical logic .
Subtraction is the inverse of addition. In it, one number, known as the subtrahend, is taken away from another, known as the minuend. The result of this operation is called the difference. The symbol of subtraction is . [47] Examples are = and =. Subtraction is often treated as a special case of addition: instead of subtracting a positive ...
This is called the generalized associative law. The number of possible bracketings is just the Catalan number , C n {\displaystyle C_{n}} , for n operations on n+1 values. For instance, a product of 3 operations on 4 elements may be written (ignoring permutations of the arguments), in C 3 = 5 {\displaystyle C_{3}=5} possible ways:
The algebra of sets is the set-theoretic analogue of the algebra of numbers. Just as arithmetic addition and multiplication are associative and commutative, so are set union and intersection; just as the arithmetic relation "less than or equal" is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive, so is the set relation of "subset".
If each subtraction is replaced with addition of the opposite (additive inverse), then the associative and commutative laws of addition allow terms to be added in any order. The radical symbol t {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\vphantom {t}}}} is traditionally extended by a bar (called vinculum ) over the radicand (this avoids the need for ...
For example, the natural numbers are closed under addition, but not under subtraction: 1 − 2 is not a natural number, although both 1 and 2 are. Similarly, a subset is said to be closed under a collection of operations if it is closed under each of the operations individually.