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The theory of categorical conception argues that mood-congruence of current affective states and memory recall are subject to attentional strengths and deficits in category matching. [1] Instead of all emotions being either negative or positive, as represented in the theory of valence, emotions are seen as distinct categories.
There is a definitive difference in mood congruence and mood dependence. Lewis and Critchley discuss the difference in these memory effects. Mood congruence is when one can match an emotion to a specific memory. [7] Mood dependence, on the other hand, is the sorting of memory when mood at retrieval is the same as encoding.
The main findings are that the current mood we are in affects what is attended, encoded and ultimately retrieved, as reflected in two similar but subtly different effects: the mood congruence effect and mood-state dependent retrieval. Positive encoding contexts have been connected to activity in the right fusiform gyrus.
The affect as information hypothesis emphasises significance of the information that affect communicates, rather than the affective feelings themselves. [2] Affective reactions or 'responses' provide an embodied source of information about 'value' or valence, as well as affective arousal provides an embodied source of information about importance. [2]
Mood-congruent information is more likely to be attended to than mood-incongruent information. Encoding – People spend more time encoding mood-congruent into a richer network of representations than mood incongruent information. Retrieval - Mood-congruent information is more likely to be retrieved from memory than other details.
A more recent study in 2011 similarly studied a group of individual with bipolar disorder and found evidence for mood-dependent memory on a visual task (recognition of inkblots). It was observed that subjects had better recall for these inkblots when they were in the same mood state they had been in when they first saw these inkblots.
Trait ascription bias, the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior, and mood while viewing others as much more predictable. Third-person effect, a tendency to believe that mass-communicated media messages have a greater effect on others than on themselves.
This may be explained by mood congruence theory, as depressed individuals remember negatively charged memories during frequent negative moods. [25] Depressed adults also tend to actively rehearse negative memories, which increases their retention period and vividness. [25]