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For example, tumor markers like Ki-67 can be used to choose form of treatment or in prognostics but are not useful to give a diagnosis, while other tumor markers have the opposite functionality. Therefore it's important to follow the guidelines of the specific tumor marker. Tumor markers are mainly used in clinical medicine to support a ...
Two areas in particular that are receiving attention as surrogate markers include circulating tumor cells (CTCs) [45] [46] and circulating miRNAs. [47] [48] Both these markers are associated with the number of tumor cells present in the blood, and as such, are hoped to provide a surrogate for tumor progression and metastasis. However ...
CEA elevation is known to be affected by multiple factors. It varies inversely with tumor grade; well-differentiated tumors secrete more CEA. CEA is elevated more in tumors with lymph node and distant metastasis than in organ-confined tumors and, thus, varies directly with tumor stage.
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues [ 1 ] to examine normal biological processes , pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention . [ 2 ]
The main use of CA19-9 is therefore to see whether a pancreatic tumor is secreting it; if that is the case, then the levels should fall when the tumor is treated, and they may rise again if the disease recurs. [2] Therefore it is useful as a surrogate marker for relapse.
These tumor biomarkers are used to track the health of tumors, but cannot serve as the sole diagnostic for specific cancers. Examples of tumoral markers used to follow up cancer treatment are the Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) for colorectal cancer and the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) for prostate cancer. [34]
Tumor antigen is an antigenic substance produced in tumor cells, i.e., it triggers an immune response in the host. Tumor antigens are useful tumor markers in identifying tumor cells with diagnostic tests and are potential candidates for use in cancer therapy. The field of cancer immunology studies such topics.
PLAP is a tumor marker, especially in seminoma [8] [9] [10] and ovarian cancer (e.g., dysgerminoma). [11] PLAP is reliable only in non-smokers, as smoking interferes with measurement of PLAP, [12] since serum concentrations of PLAP are increased up to 10-fold in smokers and its measurement is therefore of little value in this group.