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There are several reasons why PIN is the most likely prostate cancer precursor. [3] PIN is more common in men with prostate cancer. High grade PIN can be found in 85 to 100% of radical prostatectomy specimens, [4] nearby or even in connection with prostate cancer. It tends to occur in the peripheral zone of the prostate.
[47]: 694 In BPH, the majority of growth occurs in the transition zone (TZ) of the prostate. [47]: 694 In addition to these two classic areas, the peripheral zone (PZ) is also involved to a lesser extent. [47]: 695 Prostatic cancer typically occurs in the PZ. However, BPH nodules, usually from the TZ are often biopsied anyway to rule out cancer ...
Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men in over half of the world's countries, and the leading cause of cancer death in men in around a quarter of countries. [91] Prostate cancer is rare in those under 40 years old, [92] and most cases occur in those over 60 years, [2] with the average person diagnosed at 67. [93]
Atrophy is a differential diagnosis to prostate cancer. This example shows gradually increasing simple atrophy from left to right, H&E stain. Crowding and angulation may mimic that of adenocarcinoma, but there is nuclear basophilia rather than atypia, and occasional basal cells can still be seen.
In perineural invasion, cancer cells proliferate around peripheral nerves and eventually invade them. Cancer cells migrate in response to different mediators released by autonomic and sensory fibers. Tumor cells secrete CCL2 and CSF-1 to accumulate endoneurial macrophages and, at the same time, release factors that stimulate perineural invasion.
[5] [40] John E. McNeal first proposed the idea of "zones" in 1968; McNeal found that the relatively homogeneous cut surface of an adult prostate in no way resembled "lobes" and thus led to the description of "zones". [41] Prostate cancer was first described in a speech to the Medical and Chiurgical Society of London in 1853 by surgeon John ...
The majority of treatable/treated cancers are of Gleason scores 5-7 and are detected due to biopsy after abnormal digital rectal exam or prostate specific antigen evaluation. The cancer is typically located in the peripheral zone usually the posterior portion, explaining the rationale of performing the digital rectal exam. [citation needed]
Endogenous stones: These are small stones formed within the acini of the prostate. They have a higher correlation with age. [3] Extrinsic stones: These stones are usually larger and formed due to the reflux of urine into the prostate. [3] The exact mechanism of the development of prostatic calculi is still unclear. [3]