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Other factors associated with increase of fertility include: Social pressure: Women have an increased probability to have another child when there is social pressure from parents, relatives, and friends to do so. [1] For example, fertility increases during the one to two years after a sibling or a co-worker has a child. [1]
In an effort to increase women's participation in politics in India, a 1993 constitutional amendment mandated a randomly selected third of leadership positions at every level of local government to be reserved for women. [168] These political reservation quotas randomly choose one third of cities to implement a women-only election. [169]
[2] [5] This helps to distinguish the specific effects of women's education from the benefits of education in general. Note that some studies, particularly older ones, do simply look at women's total education levels. [3] One way to measure education levels is to look at what percentage of each gender graduates from each stage of school.
Claudia Goldin described women's participation rate in the workforce as a U-shaped curve. One that as a country develops, women's participation rate in the workforce starts high, declines, and then rises again. Its decline starts from a move from production in the household, family farm, or small business to a wider market.
[62] [63] Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective, as having very many pregnancies, especially in areas where malnutrition is present, can seriously endanger women's health. UNFA writes that "Family planning is central to gender equality and women's empowerment, and it is a key factor in reducing poverty". [64]
The INC held power until the 1990s. As the INC moved away from welfare politics, other parties arose to challenge the INC using poverty as the center of their agenda. The INC regained power in 2004 with the help of women's participation. [27] The INC has increased women's participation by instituting a 33% quota for women in all levels of the ...
There was a 5:1 ratio of men to women working in films. 30.8% of women having speaking characters, who may or may not have been a part of the 28.8% of women who were written to wear revealing clothing compared to the 7% of men who did, or the 26.2% of women who wore little to no clothing opposed to the 9.4% of men who did the same. [132]
After this, communist women set up a women's organization similar to the All Women's India Conference, but one that would include more than just rich and educated women. The new organization was called the Mahila Atma Rashka Samiti (MARS). They ran a monthly journal called Gharey Baire. This group's activities working among women affected in ...