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Other factors associated with increase of fertility include: Social pressure: Women have an increased probability to have another child when there is social pressure from parents, relatives, and friends to do so. [1] For example, fertility increases during the one to two years after a sibling or a co-worker has a child. [1]
In an effort to increase women's participation in politics in India, a 1993 constitutional amendment mandated a randomly selected third of leadership positions at every level of local government to be reserved for women. [168] These political reservation quotas randomly choose one third of cities to implement a women-only election. [169]
Claudia Goldin described women's participation rate in the workforce as a U-shaped curve. One that as a country develops, women's participation rate in the workforce starts high, declines, and then rises again. Its decline starts from a move from production in the household, family farm, or small business to a wider market.
A gender gap in voting typically refers to the difference in the percentage of men and women who vote for a particular candidate. [1] It is calculated by subtracting the percentage of women supporting a candidate from the percentage of men supporting a candidate (e.g., if 55 percent of men support a candidate and 44 percent of women support the same candidate, there is an 11-point gender gap).
[63] [64] Family planning is particularly important from a women's rights perspective, as having very many pregnancies, especially in areas where malnutrition is present, can seriously endanger women's health. UNFA writes that "Family planning is central to gender equality and women's empowerment, and it is a key factor in reducing poverty". [65]
Even though, in Middle East and North Africa women at the age of 30 have more access to health and educational providers than their mothers, they still play a minor role in public, economic and political activities. [1] In the United States, women's involvement in the economy has shifted from the 1890s to the 1970s.
Women's participation in work has been increasing globally, but women are still facing great issues with regards to their wage discrepancies and the differences made in comparison to what men earn. [53] This is true globally as it is seen in the agricultural and rural sectors that are shown in non developed as well as developing countries. [54]
[11] [1] Other important factors at the time that led to general increases in women's participation in the workforce include the rise of the tertiary sector (see table), increases in part-time jobs, adoption of labor-saving household technologies, increased education, and the elimination of "marriage bar" laws and policies. [2] "Marriage bars ...