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Robert Hoyland describes it as a poll tax originally paid by "the conquered people" to the mostly-Arab conquerors, but it later became a "religious tax, payable only by non-Muslims". [ 179 ] Jews and Christians in some southern and eastern areas of the Arabian Peninsula began to pay tribute, called jizya , to the Islamic state during Muhammad's ...
Ushr and Jizya would grant non-Muslims a privilege in war time, i.e. non-Muslims could not be obliged to join in military activities, in case, there was a war. By paying taxes, non-Muslims were protected by the Islamic law from any harm (dhimmi- the protected one), as opposed to, Muslims had to pay Zakah as well as were obliged to join in ...
Poll tax, also called a head tax, is a fixed tax that must be paid by each person. Fiscus Judaicus, was a tax that Jews were required to pay in the Roman Empire; Jizya is a tax paid by non-Muslims in a Muslim state. Compare to Zakat. Leibzoll was tax that Jews were required to pay in Medieval Europe. Temple tax was a Roman tax used to pay for ...
Non-Muslim members have equal political and cultural rights as Muslims. They will have autonomy and freedom of religion. [140] Non-Muslims will take up arms against the enemy of the Ummah and share the cost of war. There is to be no treachery between the two. [141] Non-Muslims will not be obliged to take part in religious wars of the Muslims. [142]
Haraç was developed from an earlier form of land taxation, kharaj (harac), and was, in principle, only payable by non-Muslims; it was seen as a counterpart to zakat paid by Muslims. [1] The haraç system later merged into the cizye taxation system. While the taxes collected from non Muslims were higher than those collected from Muslims, the ...
Poll taxes are regressive, meaning the higher someone's income is, the lower the tax is as a proportion of income: for example, a $100 tax on an income of $10,000 is a 1% tax rate, while $100 tax on a $500 income is 20%. Its acceptance or "neutrality" depends on the balance between the tax demanded and the resources of the population.
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[38] This poll tax is different from the alms tax (zakah) paid by the Muslim subjects of a Muslim state. Whereas jizya is compulsory and paid by the tolerated community per head count, zakat was paid only if one can afford it. Muslims and non-Muslims who hold property, especially land, were required however to pay kharaj. [citation needed]