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A series of studies, principally from the Mayo Clinic, have indicated that patients with an abnormal free kappa to free lambda ratio have an increased risk of progression to active myeloma from precursor conditions including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), [32] [33] smouldering myeloma [34] and solitary plasmacytoma ...
Once set, light chain class remains fixed for the life of the B lymphocyte. In a healthy individual, the total kappa-to-lambda ratio is roughly 2:1 in serum (measuring intact whole antibodies) or 1:1.5 if measuring free light chains, with a highly divergent ratio indicative of neoplasm. The free light chain ratio ranges from 0.26 to 1.65. [1]
[70] [79] These biomarkers are >60% clonal plasma cells, a serum involved / uninvolved free light chain ratio ≥ 100 (the concentration of the involved free light chain must be ≥ 100 mg/L) and more than one focal lesion ≥ 5 mm by MRI. [70] [79] Together, these biomarkers and the CRAB criteria are known as myeloma-defining events (MDEs).
Light chain MGUS is defined as a disorder in which a serum κ to λ free light chain ratio falls outside the normal range of 0.26–1.65 (mean =0.9) provided that it is not associated with: a) any of the CRAB criteria, b) a bone marrow plasma cell count of 10 or a higher percentage of nucleated cells, c) evidence of amyloid deposition (see ...
Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example, the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. [1]
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, [10] diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy , lack of standardisation , lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity . [ 11 ]
DALLAS, TEXAS - JULY 10: U.S. Vice President Kamala Harris speaks to Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority members at the Kay Bailey Hutchison Convention Center on July 10, 2024 in Dallas, Texas.
Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ, lowercase Greek kappa) is a statistic that is used to measure inter-rater reliability (and also intra-rater reliability) for qualitative (categorical) items. [1] It is generally thought to be a more robust measure than simple percent agreement calculation, as κ takes into account the possibility of the agreement ...