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In metaphysics, impenetrability is the name given to that quality of matter whereby two bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time. The philosopher John Toland argued that impenetrability and extension were sufficient to define matter, a contention strongly disputed by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz .
Thus it was that the impenetrability, the mobility, and the impulsive force of bodies, and the laws of motion and of gravitation, were discovered. And to us it is enough, that gravity does really exist, and act according to the laws which we have explained, and abundantly serves to account for all the motions of the celestial bodies, and of our ...
Carnap sought simply to quantify a universal law's degree of confirmation—its probable truth—but, despite his great mathematical and logical skill, discovered equations never operable to yield over zero degree of confirmation. Carl Hempel found the paradox of confirmation. By the 1950s, the verificationists had established philosophy of ...
1. First postulate (principle of relativity) The laws of physics take the same form in all inertial frames of reference.. 2. Second postulate (invariance of c) . As measured in any inertial frame of reference, light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c that is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body.
The 19th-century philosopher of science William Whewell qualified this statement, saying that, "it was by such a use of hypotheses, that both Newton himself and Kepler, on whose discoveries those of Newton were based, made their discoveries".
At a microscopic level, the constituent "particles" of matter such as protons, neutrons, and electrons obey the laws of quantum mechanics and exhibit wave–particle duality. At an even deeper level, protons and neutrons are made up of quarks and the force fields ( gluons ) that bind them together, leading to the next definition.
Noether's theorem states that every continuous symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law.This is the first of two theorems (see Noether's second theorem) published by mathematician Emmy Noether in 1918. [1]
According to Asher Peres [4] and David Kaiser, [5] the publication of the 1982 proof of the no-cloning theorem by Wootters and Zurek [2] and by Dieks [3] was prompted by a proposal of Nick Herbert [6] for a superluminal communication device using quantum entanglement, and Giancarlo Ghirardi [7] had proven the theorem 18 months prior to the published proof by Wootters and Zurek in his referee ...