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  2. Pathophysiology of heart failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_heart...

    Decreased end diastolic volume results from impaired ventricular filling; this occurs when the compliance of the ventricle falls (i.e. when the walls stiffen). As the heart works harder to meet normal metabolic demands, the amount cardiac output can increase in times of increased oxygen demand (e.g., exercise) is reduced.

  3. Shock (circulatory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)

    The goal of treatment is to achieve a urine output of greater than 0.5 mL/kg/h, a central venous pressure of 8–12 mmHg and a mean arterial pressure of 65–95 mmHg. In trauma the goal is to stop the bleeding which in many cases requires surgical interventions. A good urine output indicates that the kidneys are getting enough blood flow.

  4. Obstructive shock - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_shock

    Low blood pressure and tachycardia are often seen in shock. Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause. [4] The physiology of obstructive shock is similar to cardiogenic shock. In both types, the heart's output of blood (cardiac output) is decreased. This causes a back-up of blood into the veins entering the right atrium. [3]

  5. Heart failure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure

    Hyponatremia (low serum sodium concentration) is common in heart failure. Vasopressin levels are usually increased, along with renin, angiotensin II, and catecholamines to compensate for reduced circulating volume due to inadequate cardiac output. This leads to increased fluid and sodium retention in the body; the rate of fluid retention is ...

  6. Reflex bradycardia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex_bradycardia

    Cardiac output (CO) is affected by two factors, the heart rate (HR) and the stroke volume (SV), the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat (CO = HR × SV, therefore BP = HR × SV × TPR). In reflex bradycardia, blood pressure is reduced by decreasing cardiac output (CO) via a decrease in heart rate (HR). [citation ...

  7. Pulsus paradoxus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsus_paradoxus

    cardiac causes, pulmonary causes and; non-pulmonary and non-cardiac causes. Considered physiologically, pulsus paradoxus is caused by: [citation needed] decreased right heart functional reserve, e.g. myocardial infarction and tamponade, right ventricular inflow or outflow obstruction, e.g. superior vena cava obstruction and pulmonary embolism, and

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