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Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.
Hindustani is extremely rich in complex verbs formed by the combinations of noun/adjective and a verb. Complex verbs are of two types: transitive and intransitive. [3]The transitive verbs are obtained by combining nouns/adjectives with verbs such as karnā 'to do', lenā 'to take', denā 'to give', jītnā 'to win' etc.
The 2nd person active may have no ending (class 5, class 8), -dhi (most of class 3,7, as well as class 1 ending in consonants), or -hi (class 9, class 3 in ā, and class 1 in vowels; these classes usually ended in laryngeals in Proto-Indo-European).
A tense for after tomorrow is thus called post-crastinal, and one for before yesterday is called pre-hesternal. [citation needed] Another tense found in some languages, including Luganda, is the persistive tense, used to indicate that a state or ongoing action is still the case (or, in the negative, is no longer the case). Luganda also has ...
Tapas (Sanskrit: तपस्, romanized: tapas) is a variety of austere spiritual meditation practices in Indian religions.In Jainism, it means asceticism (austerities, body mortification); [1] [2] in Buddhism, it denotes spiritual practices including meditation and self-discipline; [3] and in the different traditions within Hinduism it means a spectrum of practices ranging from asceticism ...
The personal pronouns and possessives in Modern Standard Hindi of the Hindustani language displays a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject (), a direct object (), an indirect object (), or a reflexive object.
In other regions, where the relative length of day and night varies according to the season, the praharas of the day will be longer or shorter than the praharas of the night. Contemporary discussions of prahara often use 7:00 am (the time of sunrise at the equator and at the equinoxes ) as a theoretical fixed point of reference for mapping out ...
Within the indicative mood, there is a present tense habitual aspect form (which can also be used with stative verbs), a past tense habitual aspect form (which also can be used with stative verbs), a near past tense form, a remote past tense form (which can also be used to convey past perspective on an immediately prior situation or event), a ...