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1980 – Voyager 1 flies by Saturn and takes the first images of Titan. [203] However, its atmosphere is opaque to visible light, so its surface remains obscured. 1982 – Venera 13 lands on Venus, sends the first photographs in color of its surface, and records atmospheric wind noises, the first sounds heard from another planet.
Al-Juzjani even proposed a solution to the problem. In al-Andalus, the anonymous work al-Istidrak ala Batlamyus (meaning "Recapitulation regarding Ptolemy"), included a list of objections to the Ptolemic astronomy. One of the most important works in the period was Al-Shukuk ala Batlamyus ("Doubts on Ptolemy"). In this, the author summed up the ...
It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology. A 32,500-year-old carved ivory mammoth tusk could contain the oldest known star chart (resembling the constellation Orion ...
12 November 1980: Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 km), close encounter of Titan and encounters with a dozen other moons. USA (NASA) Voyager 1: 12 April 1981: First reusable crewed orbital spacecraft (Space Shuttle). USA (NASA) STS-1: 1 March 1982: First Venus soil samples. First sound recording of another world (Venus). USSR Venera 13: ...
Battery power failed early, And data had to be processed by hand. In spite of this, new information about the ionosphere has been discovered 1961 February 12 Soviet Union: Venera 1: Molniya 8K78: Venus: Partial success: First interplanetary flight, contact lost en route, before it performed the first flyby at another planet. April 27 US ...
1577–80 – Taqi al-Din invents a mechanical astronomical clock that measures time in seconds, one of the most important innovations in 16th-century practical astronomy, as previous clocks were not accurate enough to be used for astronomical purposes. [13] 1577–80 – Taqi al-Din invents framed sextant [13]
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the space race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events, beginning with the launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, [1] and continuing to the present.
By historical astronomy we include the history of astronomy; what has come to be known as archaeoastronomy; and the application of historical records to modern astrophysical problems." Historical and ancient observations are used to track theoretically long term trends, such as eclipse patterns and the velocity of nebular clouds.