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1849 – Santiago observatory set up by USA, later becomes Chilean National Observatory (now part of the University of Chile) [16] 1859 – Kirchhoff and Bunsen develop spectroscopy; 1864 – Herschel's so-called GC (General Catalogue) of nebulae and star clusters published; 1868 – Janssen and Lockyer discover Helium observing spectra of the Sun
The concept of a Great Observatory program was first proposed in the 1979 NRC report "A Strategy for Space Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980s". [1] This report laid the essential groundwork for the Great Observatories and was chaired by Peter Meyer (through June 1977) and then by Harlan J. Smith (through publication).
12 November 1980: Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 km), close encounter of Titan and encounters with a dozen other moons. USA (NASA) Voyager 1: 12 April 1981: First reusable crewed orbital spacecraft (Space Shuttle). USA (NASA) STS-1: 1 March 1982: First Venus soil samples. First sound recording of another world (Venus). USSR Venera 13: ...
Al-Juzjani even proposed a solution to the problem. In al-Andalus, the anonymous work al-Istidrak ala Batlamyus (meaning "Recapitulation regarding Ptolemy"), included a list of objections to the Ptolemic astronomy. One of the most important works in the period was Al-Shukuk ala Batlamyus ("Doubts on Ptolemy"). In this, the author summed up the ...
1980 – Voyager 1 flies by Saturn and takes the first images of Titan. [203] However, its atmosphere is opaque to visible light, so its surface remains obscured. 1982 – Venera 13 lands on Venus, sends the first photographs in color of its surface, and records atmospheric wind noises, the first sounds heard from another planet.
The history of X-ray astronomy begins in the 1920s, with interest in short wave communications for the U.S. Navy. This was soon followed by extensive study of the earth's ionosphere . By 1927, interest in the detection of X-ray and ultraviolet (UV) radiation at high altitudes inspired researchers to launch Goddard's rockets into the upper ...
It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology. A 32,500-year-old carved ivory mammoth tusk could contain the oldest known star chart (resembling the constellation Orion ...
The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the space race, space exploration, space technology, and the cultural developments influenced by these events, beginning with the launch of Sputnik 1 on October 4, 1957, [1] and continuing to the present.