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TiCl 3 is produced usually by reduction of titanium(IV) chloride.Older reduction methods used hydrogen: [4]. 2 TiCl 4 + H 2 → 2 HCl + 2 TiCl 3. It can also be produced by the reaction of titanium metal and hot, concentrated hydrochloric acid; the reaction does not proceed at room temperature, as titanium is passivated against most mineral acids by a thin surface layer of titanium dioxide.
The McMurry reaction of benzophenone. The McMurry reaction is an organic reaction in which two ketone or aldehyde groups are coupled to form an alkene using a titanium chloride compound such as titanium(III) chloride and a reducing agent. The reaction is named after its co-discoverer, John E. McMurry.
The carbothermic reaction is analogous to the Kroll process for the conversion of titanium dioxide to titanium tetrachloride. One consequence of this synthesis route is that samples of boron trichloride are often contaminated with phosgene. [3] In the laboratory BCl 3 can be prepared by treating with AlCl 3 with BF 3, a halide exchange reaction ...
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 ...
A characteristic reaction of TiCl 4 is its easy hydrolysis, signaled by the release of HCl vapors and titanium oxides and oxychlorides. Titanium tetrachloride has been used to create naval smokescreens, as the hydrochloric acid aerosol and titanium dioxide that is formed scatter light very efficiently. This smoke is corrosive, however.
Titanium(III) compounds are characteristically violet, illustrated by this aqueous solution of titanium trichloride. Titanium tetrachloride (titanium(IV) chloride, TiCl 4 [ 18 ] ) is a colorless volatile liquid (commercial samples are yellowish) that, in air, hydrolyzes with spectacular emission of white clouds.
Metal cations with a high oxidation state tend to undergo hydrolysis instead, e.g. ferric chloride, aluminium chloride, and titanium tetrachloride. [1] Discrete metal halides have lower melting and boiling points. For example, titanium tetrachloride melts at −25 °C and boils at 135 °C, making it a liquid at room temperature.
One example is the dimer [Cp 2 Ti III Cl] 2. [5] Due to the low electronegativity of titanium, Ti-C bonds are polarized toward carbon. Consequently, alkyl ligands in many titanium compounds are nucleophilic. Titanium is characteristically oxophilic, which recommends the use of air-free techniques. On the other hand, high oxophilicity means that ...