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The top surface of the pavers may also be chosen and treated to improve traction. [22] Armoured glass in concrete. Wrought iron, [18] [15] cast iron, [19] and stainless steel [23] frames have all been used. Reinforced concrete slabs began to replace iron frames in the 1890s in New York.
Traditionally they are hollow and grouted with a fine concrete grout, but some modern glass brick walls are solid cast glass [22] grouted with a transparent glue. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] If the glue matches the refractive index of the glass, the wall can be fairly transparent.
Stretcher course (Stretching course): This is a course made up of a row of stretchers. [1] This is the simplest arrangement of masonry units. If the wall is two wythes thick, one header is used to bind the two wythes together. [3] Header course: This is a course made up of a row of headers. [1]
The term can also apply to the glass or other materials hung around many designs of ceiling lamp. Some lamp shades are also lined with a hard-backed opaque lining, [1] often white or gold, to reflect as much light as possible through the top and bottom of the shade while blocking light from emitting through the walls of the shade itself. In ...
The presence of rebars disturbs electrical resistivity measurement as they conduct current much better than the surrounding concrete. This is particularly the case when the concrete cover depth is less than 30 mm. In order to minimize the effect, placing the electrodes above a rebar is usually avoided, or if unavoidable, then they are placed ...
Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. All concrete structures will crack to some extent, due to shrinkage and tension. Concrete which is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. The density of concrete varies, but is around 2,400 kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu ft). [1]
Modern masonry still uses core and veneer walls; however, the core is now generally concrete block instead of rubble, and moisture barriers are included. [2] Often such walls end up as cavity walls by the inclusion of space between the external veneer and the core in order to provide for moisture and thermal control.
Translucent concrete (also: light-transmitting concrete) is a concrete based building material with light-transmissive properties due to embedded light optical elements — usually optical fibers. Light is conducted through the stone from one end to the other. Therefore, the fibers have to go through the whole object.