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The Thirty Years' War, [j] from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from the effects of battle, famine, or disease, while parts of Germany reported population declines of over 50%. [19]
Map of the Holy Roman Empire in 1618. The Thirty Years' War was an interweaving of several larger and smaller interlinked conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. The first spark of the war was the Protestant revolt in Bohemia, which occurred after the much-publicized defenestration of Prague in May 1618.
The Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder on 13 April 1631 [a] took place during the Thirty Years' War.It was fought between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire for the strategically important, fortified Oder crossing Frankfurt an der Oder, Brandenburg, Germany.
The Battle of Nördlingen [b], fought over two days from 5 to 6 September 1634, was a major battle of the Thirty Years' War.A Imperial-Spanish force led by the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and Ferdinand of Hungary inflicted a crushing defeat on the Swedish-German army led by Gustav Horn and Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar.
By the late 1640s all the belligerents in the Thirty Years' War were exhausted by three decades of brutal fighting. Delegates had already convened in the Westphalian cities of Münster and Osnabrück to negotiate a peace treaty in 1646, but while the peace talks were in progress the opposing powers continued to jockey for position in order to improve their respective positions in the negotiations.
The Battle of Oldendorf (German: Schlacht bei Hessisch-Oldendorf [1]) on 8 July 1633 [2] was fought as part of the Thirty Years' War between the Swedish Empire with its Protestant German allies and the Holy Roman Empire near Hessisch-Oldendorf, Lower Saxony, Germany. [3] The result was a decisive victory for the Swedish Army and its allies. [1] [3]
The Battle of Stadtlohn was fought on 6 August 1623 between the armies of the Electoral Palatinate and of the Catholic League during the Thirty Years' War. The League's forces were led by Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, the Protestants by Christian of Brunswick. The battle resulted in a resounding Catholic victory that largely ended the ...
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