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This perspective is echoed in some of the broader critiques of system justification theory—particularly those emphasizing that a need for "social accuracy" and a "positively distinct social identity" [15] are sufficient to explain the expression of outgroup favoritism observed by members of low-status groups. In 2023, Rubin and colleagues ...
By contrast, an out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify. People may for example identify with their peer group, family, community, sports team, political party, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or nation. It has been found that the psychological membership of social groups and categories is associated with a ...
The tendency to favor one's own social group is called an ingroup bias, and it can be both explicit (conscious and controllable) and implicit (unconscious and instinctual). The realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and optimal distinctiveness theory aim to explain the ingroup bias and its possible negative impacts on the outgroups.
Value threat refers to when the group value is undermined by a source of threat ranging from outgroups, neutral sources, or even ingroup members on dimensions such as competence or morality. When one's social identity is being explicitly attacked by an outgroup member (e.g. verbally insulted), then this can result in outgroup derogation. [24]
Social identity is the portion of an individual's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. [1] [2]As originally formulated by social psychologists Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s and the 1980s, [3] social identity theory introduced the concept of a social identity as a way in which to explain intergroup behaviour.
They derived from social identity theory the prediction that comparative ingroup homogeneity will at times arise due to demands to establish a positive and distinct social identity. For example, members of minority groups would be particularly likely to accentuate intragroup solidity through the emphasis of ingroup homogeneity. This is because ...
SDT begins with the empirical observation that surplus-producing social systems have a threefold group-based hierarchy structure: age-based, gender-based and "arbitrary set-based", which can include race, class, sexual orientation, caste, ethnicity, religious affiliation, etc. Age-based hierarchies invariably give more power to adults and ...
Dissociative identity disorder; Other names: Multiple personality disorder Split personality disorder: Specialty: Psychiatry, clinical psychology: Symptoms: At least two distinct and relatively enduring personality states, [1] recurrent episodes of dissociative amnesia, [1] inexplicable intrusions into consciousness (e.g., voices, intrusive thoughts, impulses, trauma-related beliefs), [1] [2 ...