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The theory notes, to consider with accountability for reasonableness is to consider the following four conditions: [4] Relevance: The decision-making criteria and factors considered should be relevant to the goals and values of the affected stakeholders, such as patients, healthcare providers, and the community.
The Bolam principle addresses the first element and may be formulated as a rule that a doctor, nurse or other health professional is not negligent if he or she acts in accordance with a practice accepted at the time as proper by a responsible body of medical opinion, even though some other practitioners adopt a different practice.
The concept of reasonableness has two related meanings in law and political theory: . As a legal norm, it is used "for the assessment of such matters as actions, decisions, and persons, rules and institutions, [and] also arguments and judgments."
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A procedural legitimate expectation is created when a representation is made by a public authority that it will follow a certain procedure before making a decision on the substantive merits of a particular case. Examples of procedural legitimate expectations include an expectation to be consulted [9] and to a fair hearing. [10]
A standard of care is a medical or psychological treatment guideline, and can be general or specific. It specifies appropriate treatment based on scientific evidence and collaboration between medical and/or psychological professionals involved in the treatment of a given condition.
So the principle of non-maleficence is not absolute, and balances against the principle of beneficence (doing good), as the effects of the two principles together often give rise to a double effect (further described in next section). Even basic actions like taking a blood sample or an injection of a drug cause harm to the patient's body.
Nursing ethics is more concerned with developing the caring relationship than broader principles, such as beneficence and justice. [6] For example, a concern to promote beneficence may be expressed in traditional medical ethics by the exercise of paternalism , where the health professional makes a decision based upon a perspective of acting in ...