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[38] [39] The surface states of a 3D topological insulator is a new type of two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) where the electron's spin is locked to its linear momentum. [31] Fully bulk-insulating or intrinsic 3D topological insulator states exist in Bi-based materials as demonstrated in surface transport measurements. [40]
It indicates the mathematical group for the topological invariant of the topological insulators and topological superconductors, given a dimension and discrete symmetry class. [1] The ten possible discrete symmetry families are classified according to three main symmetries: particle-hole symmetry, time-reversal symmetry and chiral symmetry.
A topological insulator is a material that behaves as an insulator in its interior (bulk) but whose surface contains conducting states. This property represents a non-trivial, symmetry protected topological order. As a consequence, electrons in topological insulators can only move along the surface of the material.
Bismuth subhalides, such as Bi 4 Br 4 and β-Bi 4 I 4, have been recently reported as topological insulators. [2] [3] Topological insulators have caught attention of physical inorganic chemists as well as condensed matter physicists due to the unique physicochemical properties emerging upon transition from bulk to surface states. [5]
Two-dimensional topological insulators (also known as the quantum spin Hall insulators) with one-dimensional helical edge states were predicted in 2006 by Bernevig, Hughes and Zhang to occur in quantum wells (very thin layers) of mercury telluride sandwiched between cadmium telluride, [7] and were observed in 2007.
Topological plexcitons make use of the properties of TIs to achieve similar control over the direction of current flow. [3] Plexcitons were found to emerge from an organic molecular layer (excitons) and a metallic film (plasmons). Dirac cones appeared in the plexcitons' two-dimensional band-structure. An external magnetic field created a gap ...
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Typical examples include graphene, topological insulators, bismuth antimony thin films and some other novel nanomaterials, [1] [4] [5] in which the electronic energy and momentum have a linear dispersion relation such that the electronic band structure near the Fermi level takes the shape of an upper conical surface for the electrons and a ...