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Scandium oxide is the primary form of refined scandium produced by the mining industry. Scandium-rich ores, such as thortveitite (Sc,Y) 2 (Si 2 O 7) and kolbeckite ScPO 4 ·2H 2 O are rare, however trace amounts of scandium are present in many other minerals.
Scandium-stabilized zirconia enjoys a growing market demand for use as a high-efficiency electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells. [citation needed] The USGS reports that, from 2015 to 2019 in the US, the price of small quantities of scandium ingot has been $107 to $134 per gram, and that of scandium oxide $4 to $5 per gram. [34]
Kangite is an exceedingly rare scandium mineral, a natural form of impure scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3), with the formula (Sc,Ti,Al,Zr,Mg,Ca, ) 2 O 3. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system diploidal class. [1] In terms of chemistry it scandium-analogue of tistarite. Both kangite and tistarite were discovered in the Allende meteorite. [2] [1 ...
Allendeite, Sc 4 Zr 3 O 12, is an oxide mineral. [2] Allendeite was discovered in a small ultrarefractory inclusion within the Allende meteorite. [2] This inclusion has been named ACM-1. [2] It is one of several scandium rich minerals that have been found in meteorites. [2] Allendeite is trigonal, with a calculated density of 4.84 g/cm 3. [2]
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In all four halides, the scandium is 6-coordinated. They can be prepared by reacting scandium oxide or scandium hydroxide with the corresponding acid: [3] Sc(OH) 3 + 3 HX → ScX 3 + 3 H 2 O. The halides are Lewis acids; for example, ScF 3 dissolves in a solution containing excess fluoride ion to form [ScF 6] 3−. The coordination number 6 is ...
The U.S. is 100% reliant on imports for 12 minerals that are key to the production of semiconductors and other high-tech products. China has a ‘near monopoly’ on many critical minerals.
In 1839 the third source for rare earths became available. This is a mineral similar to gadolinite called uranotantalum (now called "samarskite") an oxide of a mixture of elements such as yttrium, ytterbium, iron, uranium, thorium, calcium, niobium, and tantalum. This mineral from Miass in the southern Ural Mountains was documented by Gustav Rose.