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Hydroxychloroquine, sold under the brand name Plaquenil among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria in areas where malaria remains sensitive to chloroquine. Other uses include treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and porphyria cutanea tarda. It is taken by mouth, often in the form of hydroxychloroquine sulfate. [3]
A World Health Organization infographic that states that hydroxychloroquine does not prevent illness or death from COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. [65] Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. [66]
In most cases, liver function will return to normal if the offending drug is stopped early. Additionally, the patient may require supportive treatment. In acetaminophen toxicity, however, the initial insult can be fatal. Fulminant hepatic failure from drug-induced hepatotoxicity may require liver transplantation.
One of the most notable scientific papers that first popularized hydroxychloroquine as a COVID-19 treatment was retracted from its journal due to ethical and methodological issues. Retractions in ...
As for liver risks, Tejada says risks include liver toxicity, hepatitis, and liver failure, with toxicity believed to be dose-dependent and possibly due to excessive accumulation of catechins in ...
Chloroquine retinopathy is a form of toxic retinopathy (damage of the retina) caused by the drugs chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine, which are sometimes used in the treatment of autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. This eye toxicity limits long-term use of the drugs. [3]
Penicillamine, sold under the brand name of Cuprimine among others, is a medication primarily used for the treatment of Wilson's disease. [1] It is also used for people with kidney stones who have high urine cystine levels, rheumatoid arthritis, and various heavy metal poisonings. [1] [2] It is taken by mouth. [2]
Total clearance is through the liver, and the primary means of excretion is through the bile and feces, as opposed to only 4% to 9% excreted through the urine. During long-term use, the plasma half-life remains unchanged. [28] [29] Liver function tests should be performed during long-term administration of mefloquine. [30]