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  2. Rotation matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix

    If we condense the skew entries into a vector, (x,y,z), then we produce a 90° rotation around the x-axis for (1, 0, 0), around the y-axis for (0, 1, 0), and around the z-axis for (0, 0, 1). The 180° rotations are just out of reach; for, in the limit as x → ∞ , ( x , 0, 0) does approach a 180° rotation around the x axis, and similarly for ...

  3. Rotation formalisms in three dimensions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_formalisms_in...

    The most external matrix rotates the other two, leaving the second rotation matrix over the line of nodes, and the third one in a frame comoving with the body. There are 3 × 3 × 3 = 27 possible combinations of three basic rotations but only 3 × 2 × 2 = 12 of them can be used for representing arbitrary 3D rotations as Euler angles. These 12 ...

  4. Quaternions and spatial rotation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternions_and_spatial...

    3D visualization of a sphere and a rotation about an Euler axis (^) by an angle of In 3-dimensional space, according to Euler's rotation theorem, any rotation or sequence of rotations of a rigid body or coordinate system about a fixed point is equivalent to a single rotation by a given angle about a fixed axis (called the Euler axis) that runs through the fixed point. [6]

  5. Spherical coordinate system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_coordinate_system

    To plot any dot from its spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ), where θ is inclination, the user would: move r units from the origin in the zenith reference direction (z-axis); then rotate by the amount of the azimuth angle (φ) about the origin from the designated azimuth reference direction, (i.e., either the x– or y–axis, see Definition ...

  6. Rodrigues' rotation formula - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues'_rotation_formula

    In the theory of three-dimensional rotation, Rodrigues' rotation formula, named after Olinde Rodrigues, is an efficient algorithm for rotating a vector in space, given an axis and angle of rotation. By extension, this can be used to transform all three basis vectors to compute a rotation matrix in SO(3) , the group of all rotation matrices ...

  7. Axis–angle representation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis–angle_representation

    The angle θ and axis unit vector e define a rotation, concisely represented by the rotation vector θe.. In mathematics, the axis–angle representation parameterizes a rotation in a three-dimensional Euclidean space by two quantities: a unit vector e indicating the direction of an axis of rotation, and an angle of rotation θ describing the magnitude and sense (e.g., clockwise) of the ...

  8. Transformation matrix - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix

    Translation is done by shearing parallel to the xy plane, and rotation is performed around the z axis. To represent affine transformations with matrices, we can use homogeneous coordinates. This means representing a 2-vector (x, y) as a 3-vector (x, y, 1), and similarly for higher dimensions. Using this system, translation can be expressed with ...

  9. Euler's rotation theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_rotation_theorem

    The rotation axis is obviously orthogonal to this plane, and passes through the center C of the sphere. Given that for a rigid body any movement that leaves an axis invariant is a rotation, this also proves that any arbitrary composition of rotations is equivalent to a single rotation around a new axis.