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An infectious disease agent can be transmitted in two ways: as horizontal disease agent transmission from one individual to another in the same generation (peers in the same age group) [3] by either direct contact (licking, touching, biting), or indirect contact through air – cough or sneeze (vectors or fomites that allow the transmission of the agent causing the disease without physical ...
Antigenic sift: direct transmission with a zoonotic strain of a virus. This occurs when a human is infected during a spillover event. Antigenic lift: Viral transmission of host derived gene. Some viruses steal host genes and then incorporate them into their own viral genome, encoding genes that sometimes give them an increased virulence.
As a result, there is some chance that the branching order in the virus phylogeny implies a different order of transmission events if we interpret the phylogeny as equivalent to a transmission tree. For example, in Figure 3D hosts 1 and 3 are more closely related in the transmission history, but not in the phylogeny.
Sexual transmission, with the result being called sexually transmitted infection. Oral transmission , diseases that are transmitted primarily by oral means may be caught through direct oral contact such as kissing , or by indirect contact such as by sharing a drinking glass or a cigarette.
Such a scenario, while being a lab leak, would also fit our first hypothesis of direct transmission of the virus from bat to human." [102] The United States, European Union, and 13 other countries criticized the WHO-convened study, calling for transparency from the Chinese government and access to the raw data and original samples. [103]
In semiconductors, the band gap of a semiconductor can be of two basic types, a direct band gap (DBGSC) or an indirect band gap (IDBGSC). The minimal-energy state in the conduction band and the maximal-energy state in the valence band are each characterized by a certain crystal momentum (k-vector) in the Brillouin zone .
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Tree of life showing vertical and horizontal gene transfers. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) [1] [2] [3] is the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring (reproduction). [4]