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Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) [a] was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.. Charles was born into the House of Stuart as the second son of King James VI of Scotland, but after his father inherited the English throne in 1603, he moved to England, where he spent much of the rest of his life.
The English Civil War was a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England [b] from 1642 to 1651. Part of the wider 1639 to 1653 Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the struggle consisted of the First English Civil War and the Second English Civil War.
Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, 1635–36. At midnight on 27 April, Charles came with the Duke of Richmond to Ashburnham's apartment. Scissors were used to cut the King's tresses and lovelock, and the peak of his beard was clipped off, so that he no longer looked like the man familiar to any who have seen his portraits by Anthony van Dyck.
When the trial began, there were 135 commissioners [8] who were empowered to try the King, but only 68 would ever sit in judgement. The Solicitor General John Cook was appointed prosecutor. Charles was accused of treason against England by using his power to pursue his personal interest rather than the good of England. [ 9 ]
A Roundhead as depicted by John Pettie (1870). Roundheads were the supporters of the Parliament of England during the English Civil War (1642–1651). Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I of England and his supporters, known as the Cavaliers or Royalists, who claimed rule by absolute monarchy and the principle of the divine right of kings. [1]
The image of Charles's execution was central to the cult of St. Charles the Martyr, a major theme in English royalism of this period. Shortly after Charles's death, relics of Charles's execution were reported to perform miracles—with handkerchiefs of Charles's blood supposedly curing the King's Evil among peasants. [90]
The Personal Rule (also known as the Eleven Years' Tyranny) was the period in England from 1629 to 1640 when King Charles I ruled as an autocratic absolute monarch without recourse to Parliament. [1] Charles claimed that he was entitled to do this under the royal prerogative and that he had a divine right .
On 1 June 1642 [1] the English Lords and Commons approved a list of proposals known as the Nineteen Propositions, sent to King Charles I of England, who was in York at the time. [2] In these demands, the Long Parliament sought a larger share of power in the governance of the kingdom.